DEFINING NEW IDEAS
With Creativity, Innovation and Design
A DICTIONARY OF DIVERGENT TERMS
www.creativitychaos.com
DEFINED TERMS [J - L]
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DIRECTORY OF TERMS FROM A TO Z
[A - C] - [D - F] - [G - I] - [J - L] - [M - O] - [P - R] - [S - Z]
DEFINING
Creativity | Creative Flow | Divergent | Mindfulness
View the Table of Contents
DIRECTORY OF TERMS FROM A TO Z
[A - C] - [D - F] - [G - I] - [J - L] - [M - O] - [P - R] - [S - Z]
DEFINING
Creativity | Creative Flow | Divergent | Mindfulness
View the Table of Contents
- J -
Jobs-to-be-done Framework: theory and a methodology that focuses on outcome-driven innovation. The fundamental idea behind the theory is that people buy products and services to get jobs done, and while different products and services come and go, the underlying job-to-be-done stays the same.
Journaling: pages of writing used to clear out whatever is on your mind so you can move on to creative work. Usually done in the morning and collected in a notebook, these pages are never meant to be shown to anyone else. Think free writing, dumping, stream of consciousness.
Journalism: production and distribution of reports on recent events. The word journalism applies to the occupation, as well as citizen journalists using methods of gathering information and using literary techniques. Journalistic media include print, television, radio, Internet, and, in the past, newsreels.
Judgment - a cognitive process of assessing a person, situation or an event and using this evidence to make a decision.
Judgments of learning (JOLs) or metamemory judgments: are made when knowledge is acquired.
Justification is the reason why someone properly holds a belief, the explanation as to why the belief is a true one, or an account of how one knows what one knows.
Justification of Effort: The idea that if one works hard to reach a goal, one is likely to value that goal
Just World Hypothesis: The tendency to believe that the world is fair and that people get what they deserve.
Journaling: pages of writing used to clear out whatever is on your mind so you can move on to creative work. Usually done in the morning and collected in a notebook, these pages are never meant to be shown to anyone else. Think free writing, dumping, stream of consciousness.
Journalism: production and distribution of reports on recent events. The word journalism applies to the occupation, as well as citizen journalists using methods of gathering information and using literary techniques. Journalistic media include print, television, radio, Internet, and, in the past, newsreels.
Judgment - a cognitive process of assessing a person, situation or an event and using this evidence to make a decision.
Judgments of learning (JOLs) or metamemory judgments: are made when knowledge is acquired.
- Meta mnemonic judgments: based on different sources of information, and target information is important for JOLs. Intrinsic cues (based on the target information) and mnemonic cues (based on previous JOL performance) are especially important for JOLs. Judgment of learning can be divided into four categories: ease-of-learning judgments, paired-associate JOLs, ease-of-recognition judgments, and free-recall JOLs.
- Ease of learning judgements: These judgments are made before a study trial. Subjects can evaluate how much studying will be required to learn the particular information presented to them (typically cue-target pairs). These judgments can be categorized as pre acquisition judgments which are made before the knowledge is stored
- Paired associate judgment: These judgments are made at the time of study on cue-target pairs and are responsible for predicting later memory performance (on cued recall or cued recognition). One example of paired-associate JOLs is the cue-target JOL, where the subject determines the retrievability of the target when both the cue and target of the to-be-learned pair are presented.
- Ease of recognition: This type of JOL predicts the likelihood of future recognition. Subjects are given a list of words and asked to make judgments concerning their later ability to recognize these words as old or new in a recognition test. This helps determine their ability to recognize the words after acquisition.
- Free recall judgements: This type of JOL predicts the likelihood of future free-recall. In this situation, subjects assess a single target item and judge the likelihood of later free-recall. It may appear similar to ease-of-recognition judgments, but it predicts recall instead of recognition.
- Feeling of knowing judgements: refer to the predictions of being able to retrieve specific information an individual makes, regarding his or her knowledge for a specific subject, more specifically whether that knowledge exists within memory. These judgments are made either prior to the memory target being found or following a failed attempt to locate the target. Consequently, FOK judgments focus not on the actual answer to a question, but rather on whether an individual predicts that he or she does or does not know the answer (high and low FOK ratings respectively).
Justification is the reason why someone properly holds a belief, the explanation as to why the belief is a true one, or an account of how one knows what one knows.
Justification of Effort: The idea that if one works hard to reach a goal, one is likely to value that goal
Just World Hypothesis: The tendency to believe that the world is fair and that people get what they deserve.
- K -
Know-how (or procedural knowledge): term for practical knowledge on how to accomplish something, as opposed to "know-what" (facts), "know-why" (science), or "know-who" (communication).
Knowledge: familiarity, awareness, or understanding of someone or something, such as facts, information, descriptions, or skills, which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving, discovering, or learning.
Knowledge management (KM): the process of creating, sharing, using and managing the knowledge and information of an organization. It refers to a multidisciplinary approach to achieving organizational objectives by making the best use of knowledge.
- It is also often referred to as street smarts (sometimes conceived as opposed to “book smarts”), and a person employing their “street smarts” are “streetwise”.
- Know-how is often tacit knowledge, which means that it can be difficult to transfer to another person by means of writing it down or verbalising it. The opposite of tacit knowledge is explicit knowledge.
Knowledge: familiarity, awareness, or understanding of someone or something, such as facts, information, descriptions, or skills, which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving, discovering, or learning.
- Declarative knowledge: refers to knowledge about oneself as a learner and about what factors can influence one's performance. Declarative knowledge can also be referred to as "world knowledge"
- Procedural knowledge: refers to knowledge about doing things. This type of knowledge is displayed as heuristics and strategies. A high degree of procedural knowledge can allow individuals to perform tasks more automatically. This is achieved through a large variety of strategies that can be accessed more efficiently.
- Conditional knowledge: refers to knowing when and why to use declarative and procedural knowledge. It allows students to allocate their resources when using strategies. This in turn allows the strategies to become more effective.
- Planning: refers to the appropriate selection of strategies and the correct allocation of resources that affect task performance.
- Monitoring: refers to one's awareness of comprehension and task performance
- Evaluating: refers to appraising the final product of a task and the efficiency at which the task was performed. This can include re-evaluating strategies that were used.
- Knowledge by acquaintance: obtained through a direct causal (experience-based) interaction between a person and the object that that person is perceiving.
Knowledge management (KM): the process of creating, sharing, using and managing the knowledge and information of an organization. It refers to a multidisciplinary approach to achieving organizational objectives by making the best use of knowledge.
- L -
Lapsus Linguae - An error which occurs in the memory, speech or physical action because of an unconscious conflict, wish or train of thought that is interfering with their functioning.
Latent Learning - It is a form of learning in which the knowledge is not expressed immediately in an overt manner. The things that are learned by an individual stay in the subconscious mind and might be expressed in response to specific experiences or events.
Lateral thinking: a manner of solving problems using an indirect and creative approach via reasoning that is not immediately obvious. It involves ideas that may not be obtainable using only traditional step-by-step logic.
Law of Effect: A law proposed by Edward Thorndike stating that any behavior that has good consequences will tend to be repeated, and any behavior that has bad consequences will tend to be avoided.
Lean Startup Model: methodology for developing businesses ideas and products. It aims to discover if a proposed business model is viable, and shorten product development cycles by adopting a combination of business-hypothesis-driven experimentation, iteration, and validated learning.
Learnable intelligence: The three distinct types of intelligence: neural intelligence, experiential intelligence, and reflective intelligence.
Learning: absorbing information from a source and processing and encoding it into memory,
Limbic System: A group of structures deep in the brain that affect motivation and emotion. The hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and hypothalamus are all a part of the limbic system.
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis: A theory proposed by Benjamin Lee Whorf that claims that language determines the way people think.
Link Method: The process of associating items with one another in order to remember them.
Literature: any body of written works. More restrictively, literature refers to writing considered to be an art form or any single writing deemed to have artistic or intellectual value, often due to deploying language in ways that differ from ordinary usage.
Literary element, or narrative element or element of literature: constituent of all works of narrative fiction—a necessary feature of verbal storytelling that can be found in any written or spoken narrative. This distinguishes them from literary techniques, or non-universal features of literature that accompany the construction of a particular work rather than forming the essential characteristics of all narrative. For example, plot, theme, character and tone are literary elements,
Literary genre: category of literary composition. Genres may be determined by literary technique, tone, content, or even (as in the case of fiction) length. The distinctions between genres and categories are flexible and loosely defined, often with subgroups.
Locus Of Control: People’s perception of whether or not they have control over circumstances in their lives.
Logic: Generally held to consist of the systematic study of the form of arguments. A valid argument is one where there is a specific relation of logical support between the assumptions of the argument and its conclusion.
Logical fallacies: In philosophy, a formal fallacy (also called deductive fallacy) is a pattern of reasoning rendered invalid by a flaw in its logical structure that can neatly be expressed in a standard logic system, for example propositional logic.
Long-Term Memory: A memory system that stores an unlimited amount of information permanently.
Long-Term Potentiation: A lasting change at synapses that occurs when long-term memories form.
Lowball Technique: The act of making an attractive proposition and revealing its downsides only after a person has agreed to it.
Latent Learning - It is a form of learning in which the knowledge is not expressed immediately in an overt manner. The things that are learned by an individual stay in the subconscious mind and might be expressed in response to specific experiences or events.
Lateral thinking: a manner of solving problems using an indirect and creative approach via reasoning that is not immediately obvious. It involves ideas that may not be obtainable using only traditional step-by-step logic.
Law of Effect: A law proposed by Edward Thorndike stating that any behavior that has good consequences will tend to be repeated, and any behavior that has bad consequences will tend to be avoided.
Lean Startup Model: methodology for developing businesses ideas and products. It aims to discover if a proposed business model is viable, and shorten product development cycles by adopting a combination of business-hypothesis-driven experimentation, iteration, and validated learning.
Learnable intelligence: The three distinct types of intelligence: neural intelligence, experiential intelligence, and reflective intelligence.
- You are born with neural intelligence (measured by IQ), and it never changes.
- You gain experiential intelligence through experience in a specific area, such as playing chess.
- You gain reflective intelligence by being aware of your thinking patterns and the way you can change these patterns.
Learning: absorbing information from a source and processing and encoding it into memory,
- Active learning: occurs when a person takes control of his/her learning experience.
- Associative learning: is the process by which a person or animal learns an association between two stimuli or events.
- Classical conditioning: is repeatedly pairing an unconditioned stimulus (which evokes a reflexive response) with a neutral stimulus (which does not evoke the response). Following conditioning, the response occurs to both. The unrelated stimulus is then referred to as the conditioned stimulus. The response to the conditioned stimulus is termed a conditioned response.
- Dialogic learning: is a type of learning based on dialogue.
- Enculturation: is the process by which people learn values and behaviors that are appropriate or necessary in their surrounding culture. Parents, other adults, and peers shape the individual's understanding of these values.
- Episodic learning: is a change in behavior that occurs as a result of an event.
- Evidence-based learning: is the use of well designed scientific studies to accelerate learning.
- Formal learning: is learning that takes place within a teacher-student relationship in a school system.
- Habituation is an example of non-associative learning in which one or more components of an innate response diminishes when the stimulus is repeated.
- Incidental learning is not planned by an instructor or the student, it occurs as a byproduct of another activity — an experience, observation, self-reflection, interaction, unique event, or common routine task.
- Informal learning is less structured than "non formal" ones. It may occur through the experiences in daily life.
- Meaningful learning is the concept that learned knowledge (e.g., a fact) is fully understood to the extent that it relates to other knowledge.
- Minimally invasive learning - (MIE) is a form of learning in which children operate in unsupervised environments.
- Multimedia learning is where a person uses both auditory and visual stimuli to learn information. Electronic learning or e-learning is computer-enhanced learning.
- Non-associative learning refers to a relatively permanent change in the strength of response to a single stimulus due to repeated exposure. This definition exempt the changes caused by sensory adaptation, fatigue, or injury.
- Non Formal learning is organized learning outside the formal learning system. Learning by coming together with people with similar interests and exchanging viewpoints, in clubs or in youth organizations, or workshops.
- Observational learning is learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others. It is a form of social learning which takes various forms.
- Operant conditioning is a reinforcement (with a reward) or a punishment given after a specific behavior, the changing of frequency of that behavior and/or the form of that behavior. Stimuli present when the behavior/consequence occurs come to control these behavior modifications.
- Play learning is a form of learning central to a child's learning and development. Through play, children learn social skills such as sharing and collaboration. Children develop emotional skills, coping skills, and it facilitates the development of thinking and language skills.
- Procedural knowledge - Procedural knowledge, also known as imperative knowledge, is the knowledge exercised in the performance of some task.
- Rote learning is memorizing information. This learning happens by repetition, based on the idea that you can recall the material exactly (but not its meaning) if the information is repeatedly processed.
- Sensitization is an example of non-associative learning in which the progressive amplification of a response follows repeated administrations of a stimulus. This is based on the notion that a defensive reflex to a stimulus such as withdrawal or escape becomes stronger after the exposure to a different harmful or threatening stimulus.
- Tangential learning is the process by which people self-educate if a topic is exposed to them in a context that they already enjoy. For example, learning a new language based on foreign films.
Limbic System: A group of structures deep in the brain that affect motivation and emotion. The hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and hypothalamus are all a part of the limbic system.
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis: A theory proposed by Benjamin Lee Whorf that claims that language determines the way people think.
Link Method: The process of associating items with one another in order to remember them.
Literature: any body of written works. More restrictively, literature refers to writing considered to be an art form or any single writing deemed to have artistic or intellectual value, often due to deploying language in ways that differ from ordinary usage.
- Literature is classified according to whether it is fiction or nonfiction, and whether it is poetry or prose.
- It can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel, short story or drama; and works are often categorized according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations (genre).
Literary element, or narrative element or element of literature: constituent of all works of narrative fiction—a necessary feature of verbal storytelling that can be found in any written or spoken narrative. This distinguishes them from literary techniques, or non-universal features of literature that accompany the construction of a particular work rather than forming the essential characteristics of all narrative. For example, plot, theme, character and tone are literary elements,
Literary genre: category of literary composition. Genres may be determined by literary technique, tone, content, or even (as in the case of fiction) length. The distinctions between genres and categories are flexible and loosely defined, often with subgroups.
Locus Of Control: People’s perception of whether or not they have control over circumstances in their lives.
Logic: Generally held to consist of the systematic study of the form of arguments. A valid argument is one where there is a specific relation of logical support between the assumptions of the argument and its conclusion.
Logical fallacies: In philosophy, a formal fallacy (also called deductive fallacy) is a pattern of reasoning rendered invalid by a flaw in its logical structure that can neatly be expressed in a standard logic system, for example propositional logic.
Long-Term Memory: A memory system that stores an unlimited amount of information permanently.
Long-Term Potentiation: A lasting change at synapses that occurs when long-term memories form.
Lowball Technique: The act of making an attractive proposition and revealing its downsides only after a person has agreed to it.
A SERIES OF BEAUTIFUL WORDS
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DEFINING NEW IDEAS DICTIONARY
Presented by Creativity Chaos in association with Defining the Brain - A Beautiful Word - Logophile Lexicon
VIEW MY BLOGS, BOOKS & BEAUTIFUL WORDS
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Original Content Copyright, 2020 Kairos.
Series of Books and Blogs By www.bykairos.com
DEFINING NEW IDEAS DICTIONARY
Presented by Creativity Chaos in association with Defining the Brain - A Beautiful Word - Logophile Lexicon
VIEW MY BLOGS, BOOKS & BEAUTIFUL WORDS
or visit my writer’s workshop for a full index of work
About Me | My Style | Books | Blogs | Downloads
Original Content Copyright, 2020 Kairos.