DEFINING NEW IDEAS
With Creativity, Innovation and Design
A DICTIONARY OF DIVERGENT TERMS
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DEFINED TERMS [M - O]
VIEW DICTIONARY ONLINE
DIRECTORY OF TERMS FROM A TO Z
[A - C] - [D - F] - [G - I] - [J - L] - [M - O] - [P - R] - [S - Z]
DEFINING
Creativity | Creative Flow | Divergent | Mindfulness
View the Table of Contents
DIRECTORY OF TERMS FROM A TO Z
[A - C] - [D - F] - [G - I] - [J - L] - [M - O] - [P - R] - [S - Z]
DEFINING
Creativity | Creative Flow | Divergent | Mindfulness
View the Table of Contents
- M -
Manifest Content: The plot of a dream.
Massed Practice: The process of learning material over a short period; also called cramming.
Marketing innovation: refers to an existing product that is used to a whole new purpose and provides a different value proposition for a new customer segment
Masculine : any design with straight lines and angles.
Mathematical logic: often divided into the fields of set theory, model theory, recursion theory, and proof theory. These areas share basic results on logic, particularly first-order logic, and definability.
Means-ends analysis: choosing an action at each step to move closer to the goal
Measures of Central Tendency: The mean, median, and mode.
Median: The middle score in a set when all scores are arranged in order from lowest to highest.
Meditation: The practice of focusing attention.
Medium: materials used to create a work of art, and the categorization of art based on the materials used (for example, painting [or more specifically, watercolor], drawing, sculpture).
Meme: an idea, behavior, style, or usage that spreads from person to person within a culture
Memory: The capacity for storing and retrieving information.
Memory span - The amount of information that can be perfectly remembered in anj immediate test of memory
Mental Block - It is a condition jjust which a person is unable to continue his thought process or the painful thoughts in his mind are repressed.
Mental imagery - Also known as visualization. Mental images are created by the brain from memories, imagination, or a combination of both.
Mental images -Internal representations consisting of visual and spatial information.
It occurs when the relevant object, event, or scene is not actually present to the senses
Mental imagery: simulating or recreating perceptual experience across all sensory modalities, including auditory imagery of sounds, gustatory imagery of tastes, olfactory imagery of smells, motor imagery of movements, and haptic imagery of touch, incorporating texture, temperature, and pressure.
Mental model: explanation of someone's thought process about how something works in the real world. It is a representation of the surrounding world, the relationships between its various parts and a person's intuitive perception about his or her own acts and their consequences. Mental models can help shape behaviour and set an approach to solving problems (similar to a personal algorithm) and doing tasks.
Mental process: something that individuals can do with their minds. Mental processes include perception, memory, thinking, volition, and emotion. Sometimes the term cognitive function is used instead.
Mental representations: contain information about people, objects, and events; they often consist of beliefs, explanations, and sensory memories l apart
Mental sets: subconscious tendencies to approach a problem in a particular way, either helping or interfering in the discovery of a solution. They are shaped by past experiences, habits, and, most importantly, culture. These sets also exist as parts of our cognitive processes although they do not always enter consciousness.
Mental simulation: the automatic process whereby the mind forms an image of a sensory experience
Mere Exposure Effect: The tendency to like novel stimuli more if one encounters them repeatedly.
:
Meta-cognition - is “cognition about cognition”, “thinking about thinking”, or “knowing about knowing” and higher order thinking skills. It can take many forms; it includes knowledge about when and how to use particular strategies for learning or for problem solving. There are generally two components of metacognition:
Metacognitive experiences: are those experiences that have something to do with the current, on-going cognitive endeavor.
Metacognitive knowledge (also called metacognitive awareness): is what individuals know about themselves and others as cognitive processors.
Metacognitive regulation: is the regulation of cognition and learning experiences through a set of activities that help people control their learning.
Meta-learning - is the process by which learners become aware of and increasingly in control of habits of perception, inquiry, learning, and growth that they have internalized.
Metalinguistic Awareness: The capacity to think about how language is used.
Meta memory (or Socratic awareness): a type of metacognition, is both the introspective knowledge of one’s own memory capabilities (and strategies that can aid memory) and the processes involved in memory self-monitoring. This self-awareness of memory has important implications for how people learn and use memories.
Metaphysical: Transcending physical matter or the laws of nature. Metaphysics refers to the branch of philosophy that studies that fundamental nature of being and knowing.
Method of focal objects: synthesizing seemingly non-matching characteristics of different objects into something new
Method of Loci: The process of imagining oneself physically in a familiar place in order to remember something.
Mimesis: term used in literary criticism and philosophy that carries a wide range of meanings which include imitation, nonsensuous similarity, receptivity, representation, mimicry, the act of expression, the act of resembling, and the presentation of the self.
Mind: the mind is a set of cognitive functions including consciousness, imagination, perception, thinking, judgement, language and memory. It is usually defined as the center of thoughts and consciousness. It holds the power of imagination, recognition, and appreciation, and is responsible for processing feelings and emotions, resulting in attitudes and actions
Mind Sweep: Also known as a brain dump, Mind Sweep is about gathering up all the little tasks you’ve been mentally keeping track of and getting them out so you can process them. It clears your head so you can work.
Mind map: diagram used to visually organize information. A mind map is hierarchical and shows relationships among pieces of the whole. It is often created around a single concept, drawn as an image in the center of a blank page, to which associated representations of ideas such as images, words and parts of words are added. Major ideas are connected directly to the central concept, and other ideas branch out from those major ideas.
Mind wandering: (sometimes referred to as task unrelated thought, or, colloquially, autopilot) is the experience of thoughts not remaining on a single topic for a long period of time, particularly when people are engaged in an attention-demanding task. Mind-wandering tends to occur during driving, reading and other activities where vigilance-may be low. In these situations, people do not remember what happened in the surrounding environment because they are preoccupied with their thoughts. This is known as the decoupling hypothesis.
Minimalism: simple geometric forms devoid of representational content. Relying on industrial technologies and rational processes, artists challenged traditional notions of craftsmanship, using commercial materials such as fiberglass and aluminum, and often employing mathematical systems to determine the composition of their works.
Misinformation Effect: The tendency for recollections of events to be distorted by information given after the event occurred.
Mnemonics - Strategies for improving memory.
Mockup: in manufacturing and design, a mockup, or mock-up, is a scale or full-size model of a design or device, used for teaching, demonstration, design evaluation, promotion, and other purposes. A mockup is called a prototype if it provides at least part of the functionality of a system and enables testing of a design.
Mode - The most frequently occurring score in a set of scores.
Modern: related to current times, but it can also indicate a relationship to a particular set of ideas that, at the time of their development, were new or even experimental.
Modernism: the idealistic search for truth
Modular Innovation (or component innovation): refers to innovations where either one or several components of a product system changes, the overall design staying the same.
Mood: state of mind or emotion, a pervading impression.
Mood Board: a compilation of images arranged to convey a sense of what a creative execution would feel like.
Moral reasoning: process in which an individual tries to determine the difference between what is right and what is wrong in a personal situation by using logic
Morphological analysis: assessing the output and interactions of an entire system
Motivation - a theoretical construct used to explain behavior. It gives the reasons for people’s actions, desires, and needs. Motivation can also be defined as one’s direction to behavior, or what causes a person to want to repeat a behavior and vice versa.
Multitasking: can be defined as the attempt to perform two or more tasks simultaneously; however, research shows that when multitasking, people make more mistakes or perform their tasks more slowly. Attention must be divided among all of the component tasks to perform them. In divided attention, individuals attend or give attention to multiple sources of information at once at the same time or perform more than one task.
Multiple idea facilitation: increasing the quantity of fresh ideas based on the belief that a greater number of ideas will raise the chances that one of these is valuable. This may include randomly selecting an idea (such as choosing a word from a list) and thinking about its similarities to the situation. In turn, this random act may inspire a related idea that would lead to a solution.
Muse: to become absorbed in thought. From the Middle French word meaning “the mouth of an animal” or “snout.” The verb muse came to mean “to gape, to stare, to idle, to muse” because of the face one makes when lost in thought.
Massed Practice: The process of learning material over a short period; also called cramming.
Marketing innovation: refers to an existing product that is used to a whole new purpose and provides a different value proposition for a new customer segment
Masculine : any design with straight lines and angles.
Mathematical logic: often divided into the fields of set theory, model theory, recursion theory, and proof theory. These areas share basic results on logic, particularly first-order logic, and definability.
Means-ends analysis: choosing an action at each step to move closer to the goal
Measures of Central Tendency: The mean, median, and mode.
Median: The middle score in a set when all scores are arranged in order from lowest to highest.
Meditation: The practice of focusing attention.
Medium: materials used to create a work of art, and the categorization of art based on the materials used (for example, painting [or more specifically, watercolor], drawing, sculpture).
Meme: an idea, behavior, style, or usage that spreads from person to person within a culture
Memory: The capacity for storing and retrieving information.
- Autobiographical memory: is a memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual's life, based on a combination of episodic(personal experiences and specific objects, people and events experienced at particular time and place) and semantic (general knowledge and facts about the world) memory.
- Echoic memory: is the sensory memory register specific to auditory information (sounds). The sensory memory for sounds that people have just perceived is the form of echoic memory. Unlike visual memory, in which our eyes can scan the stimuli over and over, the auditory stimuli cannot be scanned over and over. Overall, echoic memories are stored for slightly longer periods of time than iconic memories(visual memories). Auditory stimuli are received by the ear one at a time before they can be processed and understood.
- Episodic memory: consists of the storage and recollection of observational information attached to specific life-events. These can be memories that happened to the subject directly or just memories of events that happened around them. Episodic memory allows for mental time travel – recalling various contextual and situational details of one's previous experiences
- Explicit memory: (or declarative memory): is one of the two main types of long-term human memory. It is the conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts. Explicit memory can be divided into two categories: episodic memory, which stores specific personal experiences, and semantic memory, which stores factual information.
- Free recall: is a basic paradigm in the psychological study of memory. In this paradigm, participants study a list of items on each trial, and then are prompted to recall the items in any order. Items are usually presented one at a time for a short duration, and can be any of a number of nameable materials, although traditionally, words from a larger set are chosen. The recall period typically lasts a few minutes, and can involve spoken or written recall. The standard paradigm involves the recall period starting immediately after the final list item; this can be referred to as immediate free recall (IFR) to distinguish it from delayed free recall (DFR). In delayed free recall, a short distraction period is interpolated between the final list item and the start of the recall period. Both immediate free recall and delayed free recall have been used to test certain effects that appear during recall tests, such as the primacy effect and recency effect.
- Haptic memory: : is the form of sensory Memory specific to touch stimuli. Haptic memory is used regularly when assessing the necessary forces for gripping and interacting with familiar objects. It may also influence one's interactions with novel objects of an apparently similar size and density. Similar to visual iconic memory, traces of haptically acquired information are short lived and prone to decay after approximately two seconds.
- Involuntary autobiographical memory (IAM): retrieval occurs spontaneously as the result of sensory cues as well as internal cues, such as thought or intention. These cues influence us in our day-to-day lives by constantly and automatically activating unconscious memories through priming.
- Involuntary semantic memory retrieval (ISM) or "semantic-popping": occurs in the same fashion as IAM retrieval. However, the elicited memory is devoid of personal grounding and often considered trivial, such as a random word, image, or phrase. ISM retrieval can occur as a result of spreading activation, where words, thoughts, and concepts activate related semantic memories continually. When enough related memories are primed that an interrelated concept, word, thought, or image "pops” into consciousness and you are unaware of the extent of its relatedness within your memory. Spreading activation is thought to build over a period of many hours, days, or even weeks before a random semantic memory "pops".
- Long-term memory: (LTM) is the stage where informative knowledge is held indefinitely. It is defined in contrast to short-term and working memory, which persist for only about 18 to 30 seconds. Long-term memory is commonly labelled as explicit memory (declarative), as well as episodic memory, semantic memory, autobiographical memory, and implicit memory(procedural memory). Long-term memory encodes information semantically for storage, In vision, the information needs to enter working memory before it can be stored into long-term memory. This is evidenced by the fact that the speed with which information is stored into long-term memory is determined by the amount of information that can be fit, at each step, into visual working memory. In other words, the larger the capacity of working memory for certain stimuli, the faster will these materials be learned.
- Mood congruent memory: , a phenomenon in which an individual recalls more information associated with their condition. For example, a person who is asked to learn a list of words while they have a cold might remember more words associated with their illness such as "tissue" or "congestion" when later asked to recall the words learned.
- Prospective memory: includes forming the intention to carry out a particular task in the future, which action we’re going to use to carry out the action, and when we want to do it. Thus, prospective memory is in use continuously in day-to-day life. For example, prospective memory is in use when you decide that you need to write and send a letter to a friend. There are two types of prospective memory; event-based and time based.
- Event-based prospective memory: is when an environmental cue prompts you to carry out a task. An example is when seeing a friend reminds you to ask him a question. Time occurs when you remember to carry out a task at a specific time. Time-based prospective memory is more difficult than event-based prospective memory because there is no environmental cue prompting one to remember to carry out the task at that specific time.
- Recall memory: is linked with instincts and mechanisms. In order to remember how an event happened, to learn from it or avoid an agitator, connections are made with emotions. For instance, if a speaker is very calm and neutral, the effectiveness of encoding memory is very low and listeners get the gist of what the speaker is discussing. On the other hand, if a speaker is shouting and/or using emotionally driven words, listeners tend to remember key phrases and the meaning of the speech. This is full access of the fight or flight mechanism all people have functioning in the brain, but based on what triggers this mechanism will lead to better recall of it. People tend to focus their attention on cues that are loud, very soft, or something unusual. This makes the auditory system pick up the differences in regular speaking and meaningful speech, when something significant is spoken in the discussion people home in on the message at that part of the speech but tend to lose the other part of the discussion. Our brains sense differences in speech and when those differences occur the brain encodes that part of speech into memory and the information can be recalled for future reference.
- Retrospective memory: is the memory of people, words, and events encountered or experienced in the past. It includes all other types of memory including episodic, semantic and procedural. It can be either implicit or explicit.
- Retrospective semantic memory: refers to the collection of knowledge, meaning and concepts that have been acquired over time. It plays a significant role in the study of priming.
- Semantic memory: refers to general world knowledge(facts, ideas, meaning and concepts) that can be articulated and is independent of personal experience. This includes world knowledge, object knowledge, language knowledge, and conceptual priming. Semantic memory is distinct from episodic memory, which is our memory of experiences and specific events that occur during our lives, from which we can recreate at any given point. For instance, semantic memory might contain information about what a cat is, whereas episodic memory might contain a specific memory of petting a particular cat. We can learn about new concepts by applying our knowledge learned from things in the past.
- Sensory memory: : During every moment of a person’s life, sensory information is being taken in by sensory receptors and processed by the nervous system. Sensory information is stored in sensory memory just long enough to be transferred to short-term memory. Humans have five traditional senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch. Sensory memory(SM) allows individuals to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimulus has ceased.
- Short-term (or "primary" or "active memory") is the capacity for holding, but not manipulating, a small amount of information in an active, readily available state for a short period. For example, short-term memory can be used to remember a phone number that has just been recited. The duration of short-term memory(when rehearsal or active maintenance is prevented) is believed to be in the order of seconds. Short-term memory should be distinguished from working memory, which refers to structures and processes used for temporarily storing and manipulating information. The capacity of short-term memory is often called memory span, in reference to a common procedure of measuring it.
- Spatial memory: is the part of memory responsible for recording information about one's environment and its spatial orientation. For example, a person's spatial memory is required in order to navigate around a familiar city. It is often argued that in both humans and animals, spatial memories are summarized as a cognitive map. Spatial memory has representations within working, short-term and long-term memory. Research indicates that there are specific areas of the brain associated with spatial memory. Many methods are used for measuring spatial memory in children, adults, and animals.
- State dependent memory: : is the phenomenon through which memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed. The term is often used to describe memory retrieval while in states of consciousness-produced by psychoactive drugs– most commonly, alcohol, but has implications for mood or non-substance induced states of consciousness as well. state-dependent memory applies to the individual's internal conditions (such as one's caffeination level).
- Working memory: is a cognitive system with a limited capacity that is responsible for temporarily holding information available for processing. Working memory is important for reasoning and the guidance of decision-making and behavior. Working memory is often used synonymously with short-term memory, but some theorists consider the two forms of memory distinct, assuming that working memory allows for the manipulation of stored information, whereas short-term memory only refers to the short-term storage of information. Working memory is generally considered to have limited capacity. An early quantification of the capacity limit associated with short-term memory was the "magical number seven" The information-processing capacity of young adults is around seven elements, which are called "chunks", regardless of whether the elements are digits, letters, words, or other units. Later research revealed this number depends on the category of chunks used (e.g., span may be around seven for digits, six for letters, and five for words), and even on features of the chunks within a category. For instance, span is lower for long than short words.
Memory span - The amount of information that can be perfectly remembered in anj immediate test of memory
Mental Block - It is a condition jjust which a person is unable to continue his thought process or the painful thoughts in his mind are repressed.
Mental imagery - Also known as visualization. Mental images are created by the brain from memories, imagination, or a combination of both.
Mental images -Internal representations consisting of visual and spatial information.
It occurs when the relevant object, event, or scene is not actually present to the senses
Mental imagery: simulating or recreating perceptual experience across all sensory modalities, including auditory imagery of sounds, gustatory imagery of tastes, olfactory imagery of smells, motor imagery of movements, and haptic imagery of touch, incorporating texture, temperature, and pressure.
Mental model: explanation of someone's thought process about how something works in the real world. It is a representation of the surrounding world, the relationships between its various parts and a person's intuitive perception about his or her own acts and their consequences. Mental models can help shape behaviour and set an approach to solving problems (similar to a personal algorithm) and doing tasks.
Mental process: something that individuals can do with their minds. Mental processes include perception, memory, thinking, volition, and emotion. Sometimes the term cognitive function is used instead.
Mental representations: contain information about people, objects, and events; they often consist of beliefs, explanations, and sensory memories l apart
Mental sets: subconscious tendencies to approach a problem in a particular way, either helping or interfering in the discovery of a solution. They are shaped by past experiences, habits, and, most importantly, culture. These sets also exist as parts of our cognitive processes although they do not always enter consciousness.
Mental simulation: the automatic process whereby the mind forms an image of a sensory experience
Mere Exposure Effect: The tendency to like novel stimuli more if one encounters them repeatedly.
:
Meta-cognition - is “cognition about cognition”, “thinking about thinking”, or “knowing about knowing” and higher order thinking skills. It can take many forms; it includes knowledge about when and how to use particular strategies for learning or for problem solving. There are generally two components of metacognition:
- knowledge about cognition
- regulation of cognition
Metacognitive experiences: are those experiences that have something to do with the current, on-going cognitive endeavor.
Metacognitive knowledge (also called metacognitive awareness): is what individuals know about themselves and others as cognitive processors.
Metacognitive regulation: is the regulation of cognition and learning experiences through a set of activities that help people control their learning.
Meta-learning - is the process by which learners become aware of and increasingly in control of habits of perception, inquiry, learning, and growth that they have internalized.
Metalinguistic Awareness: The capacity to think about how language is used.
Meta memory (or Socratic awareness): a type of metacognition, is both the introspective knowledge of one’s own memory capabilities (and strategies that can aid memory) and the processes involved in memory self-monitoring. This self-awareness of memory has important implications for how people learn and use memories.
- Cue familiarity: individuals can evaluate their ability to answer a question before trying to answer it. This finding suggests that the question (cue) and not the actual memory (target) is crucial for making metamemory judgments. This implies that judgements regarding metamemory are based on an individual’s level of familiarity with the information provided in the cue. Therefore, an individual is more likely to judge that they know the answer to a question if they are familiar with its topic or terms and more likely to judge that they do not know the answer to a question which presents new or unfamiliar terms.
- Accessibility: suggests that memory will be accurate when the ease of processing (accessibility) is correlated with memory behaviour; however, if the ease of processing is not correlated with memory in a given task, then the judgments will not be accurate. Along with the lexical unit, people may use partial information that could be correct or incorrect.
- Competition: best described using three principles. The first is that many brain systems are activated by visual input, and the activations by these different inputs compete for processing access. Secondly, competition occurs in multiple brain systems and is integrated amongst these individual systems.Finally, competition can be assessed (using top-down neural priming) based on the relevant characteristics of the object at hand.
- Interactive: constitutes a combination of the cue familiarity and accessibility hypotheses. According to this hypothesis, cue familiarity is employed initially, and only once cue familiarity fails to provide enough information to make an inference does accessibility come into play. This "cascade" structure accounts for differences in the present time required to make a metamemory judgment; judgments which occur quickly are based on cue familiarity, while slower responses are based on both cue familiarity and accessibility.
Metaphysical: Transcending physical matter or the laws of nature. Metaphysics refers to the branch of philosophy that studies that fundamental nature of being and knowing.
Method of focal objects: synthesizing seemingly non-matching characteristics of different objects into something new
Method of Loci: The process of imagining oneself physically in a familiar place in order to remember something.
Mimesis: term used in literary criticism and philosophy that carries a wide range of meanings which include imitation, nonsensuous similarity, receptivity, representation, mimicry, the act of expression, the act of resembling, and the presentation of the self.
Mind: the mind is a set of cognitive functions including consciousness, imagination, perception, thinking, judgement, language and memory. It is usually defined as the center of thoughts and consciousness. It holds the power of imagination, recognition, and appreciation, and is responsible for processing feelings and emotions, resulting in attitudes and actions
- Consciousness is the state or quality of awareness or of being aware. It has been defined using other terms like sentience, awareness, qualia, subjectivity, the ability to experience or to feel, wakefulness, having a sense of selfhood or souland the executive control system of the mind. Within the consciousness are three minds
- Conscious Mind
- The Subconscious Mind
- The Unconscious Mind
- Conscious mind: is the mind of your five senses, enabling you to consciously experience the physical world. It is the part of the mind that is rational and able to reason. Your conscious mind essentially grants you the freedom to consciously rather than unconsciously choose your outcomes. The conscious mind contains the critical thought function of our brains. It is your objective or thinking mind. It has no memory, and it can only hold one thought at a time. This mind has four essential functions. Identifies incoming information - it is continually observing and categorizing what is going on around you.
- Compares - it compares the information against previously stored information and experiences
- Analysis - it analyzes the information
- Decides - it accepts or rejects data and makes the choices and decisions
- The conscious mind includes such things as the sensations, perceptions, memories, feelings, and fantasies inside of our current awareness.
- The subconscious mind: acts as a sort of gatekeeper between the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind. It allows only certain pieces of information to pass through and enter conscious awareness. It is a powerful layer underneath the conscious mind. It encompasses the awareness of all things the conscious mind cannot recognize. The subconscious is a huge memory bank with a capacity that is virtually unlimited. The function of your subconscious mind is to store and retrieve data. Its job is to ensure that you respond exactly the way you are programmed. It makes everything you say and do fit a pattern consistent with your self-concept.
- Your subconscious mind is subjective. It does not think or reason independently. It just obeys the commands it receives from your conscious mind.
- All your habits of thinking and acting are stored here. It has memorized all your comfort zones and it works to keep you in them.
- The subconscious causes you to feel uncomfortable when you attempt anything new or different. It is against changing any of your established patterns of behavior.
- Your subconscious will back you towards your comfort zone each time you try something new. Even thinking about doing something different will make you feel tense and uneasy.
- Unconscious mind: is a collection of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that are outside of our conscious awareness. It stores all memories and past experiences, both those that have been repressed through trauma and those that have simply been forgotten. It’s from these memories and experiences that our beliefs, habits, and behaviors are formed.
- Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, aggression, anger, anxiety, or conflict. Theory suggests that the unconscious continues to influence our behavior and experiences even though we are unaware of the influence.
- Hidden desires and wishes from the unconscious make themselves known through dreams and slips of the tongue (known as Freudian slips)
- The dark urges we have are kept out of consciousness because our conscious minds view them as unacceptable or irrational. These are suppressed feelings, desires, phobias (hidden or known) and sensory stimuli.
- The unconscious mind is less accessible. It cannot automatically retrieve memories or patterns the way the subconscious mind can. In the unconscious mind, memories are highly repressed and not readily available.
- A perfect analogy that ties these three minds together is a computer. The conscious mind is the keyboard and monitor. Day is inputted using the keyboard and then displayed on the monitor. The subconscious mind is the memory or the RAM. All current or recent memories are stored there for quick recall when needed. It also holds your current recurring thoughts, behavior patterns, habits, and feelings. Your unconscious is the hard disk drive in the computer. It is the long term storage of memory, habits, feelings, emotions, and behaviors.
Mind Sweep: Also known as a brain dump, Mind Sweep is about gathering up all the little tasks you’ve been mentally keeping track of and getting them out so you can process them. It clears your head so you can work.
Mind map: diagram used to visually organize information. A mind map is hierarchical and shows relationships among pieces of the whole. It is often created around a single concept, drawn as an image in the center of a blank page, to which associated representations of ideas such as images, words and parts of words are added. Major ideas are connected directly to the central concept, and other ideas branch out from those major ideas.
Mind wandering: (sometimes referred to as task unrelated thought, or, colloquially, autopilot) is the experience of thoughts not remaining on a single topic for a long period of time, particularly when people are engaged in an attention-demanding task. Mind-wandering tends to occur during driving, reading and other activities where vigilance-may be low. In these situations, people do not remember what happened in the surrounding environment because they are preoccupied with their thoughts. This is known as the decoupling hypothesis.
Minimalism: simple geometric forms devoid of representational content. Relying on industrial technologies and rational processes, artists challenged traditional notions of craftsmanship, using commercial materials such as fiberglass and aluminum, and often employing mathematical systems to determine the composition of their works.
Misinformation Effect: The tendency for recollections of events to be distorted by information given after the event occurred.
Mnemonics - Strategies for improving memory.
Mockup: in manufacturing and design, a mockup, or mock-up, is a scale or full-size model of a design or device, used for teaching, demonstration, design evaluation, promotion, and other purposes. A mockup is called a prototype if it provides at least part of the functionality of a system and enables testing of a design.
Mode - The most frequently occurring score in a set of scores.
Modern: related to current times, but it can also indicate a relationship to a particular set of ideas that, at the time of their development, were new or even experimental.
Modernism: the idealistic search for truth
Modular Innovation (or component innovation): refers to innovations where either one or several components of a product system changes, the overall design staying the same.
Mood: state of mind or emotion, a pervading impression.
Mood Board: a compilation of images arranged to convey a sense of what a creative execution would feel like.
Moral reasoning: process in which an individual tries to determine the difference between what is right and what is wrong in a personal situation by using logic
Morphological analysis: assessing the output and interactions of an entire system
Motivation - a theoretical construct used to explain behavior. It gives the reasons for people’s actions, desires, and needs. Motivation can also be defined as one’s direction to behavior, or what causes a person to want to repeat a behavior and vice versa.
Multitasking: can be defined as the attempt to perform two or more tasks simultaneously; however, research shows that when multitasking, people make more mistakes or perform their tasks more slowly. Attention must be divided among all of the component tasks to perform them. In divided attention, individuals attend or give attention to multiple sources of information at once at the same time or perform more than one task.
Multiple idea facilitation: increasing the quantity of fresh ideas based on the belief that a greater number of ideas will raise the chances that one of these is valuable. This may include randomly selecting an idea (such as choosing a word from a list) and thinking about its similarities to the situation. In turn, this random act may inspire a related idea that would lead to a solution.
Muse: to become absorbed in thought. From the Middle French word meaning “the mouth of an animal” or “snout.” The verb muse came to mean “to gape, to stare, to idle, to muse” because of the face one makes when lost in thought.
- N -
Narrative Method: The process of making up a story in order to remember something.
Narrative technique: also known for literary fictional narratives as a literary technique, literary device, or fictional device. It is any of several specific methods the creator of a narrative uses to convey what they want. A strategy used in the making of a narrative to relay information to the audience and, particularly, to "develop" the narrative, usually in order to make it more complete, complicated, or interesting. whereas figurative language, irony, or foreshadowing would be considered literary techniques.
Naturalism: faithful adherence to nature; factual or realistic representation.
Need Seeker: is a term that refers to organizations with an approach that focuses on engaging new customers and being the first to market.
Negative Correlation: A relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other one decreases.
Negatively Skewed Distribution: A data distribution with a few very low scores.
Negative Punishment: In operant conditioning, the removal of a stimulus after a response so that the response will be less likely to occur.
Negative Reinforcement: In operant conditioning, the removal of a stimulus after a response so that the response will be more likely to occur.
Negative transfer v- occurs when the process of solving an earlier problem makes later problems harder to solve.
Neural network - An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an information-processing paradigm that is inspired by the way biological nervous systems, such as the brain, process information. It is composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements (neurones) working in unison to solve specific problems.
Neurons: are nerve cells specialized for the transmission of information. Synapses are physical gaps between two neurons that functions as the site of information transfer from one neuron to another.
Neurogenesis: The production and growth of new nerve cells during development and, in select brain regions, throughout life.
Neuroplasticity: researchers believe that our thoughts can change the structure and function of our brains and Neuroplasticity is therefore the ability of the brain to adapt and change. “Neuro” is for the nerve cells, or neurons, and “plastic” refers to the modifiable nature of our brain and nervous system.
Neurotransmitters: Chemicals that are released from a neuron and activate another neuron. Dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin are all a part of this class.
Noesis: the Greek word “to think” or “to perceive” is ‘noesis’, meaning “purely intellectual knowledge” or “a process or act of thinking.” The adjective ‘noetic’ means “of, relating to, or based on the intellect.” Its use in philosophical and psychological theory and writing shows it to be the most abstract of the words of thought.
Non-Declarative Memory: Also called implicit or procedural memory it is a type of long-term memory that is stored and retrieved without conscious effort.
Norepinephrine: Norepinephrine affects arousal and sleep regulation, mood, and blood pressure.
Norepinephrine: A neurotransmitter produced both in the brain and in the peripheral nervous system. It is involved in learning, memory, dreaming, awakening, emotion, and responses to stress.
Norms: Data that provide information about how a one variable compares with others.
Normative Social Influence: An individual’s tendency to conform because of a need to be accepted or not rejected by a group.
Narrative technique: also known for literary fictional narratives as a literary technique, literary device, or fictional device. It is any of several specific methods the creator of a narrative uses to convey what they want. A strategy used in the making of a narrative to relay information to the audience and, particularly, to "develop" the narrative, usually in order to make it more complete, complicated, or interesting. whereas figurative language, irony, or foreshadowing would be considered literary techniques.
Naturalism: faithful adherence to nature; factual or realistic representation.
Need Seeker: is a term that refers to organizations with an approach that focuses on engaging new customers and being the first to market.
Negative Correlation: A relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other one decreases.
Negatively Skewed Distribution: A data distribution with a few very low scores.
Negative Punishment: In operant conditioning, the removal of a stimulus after a response so that the response will be less likely to occur.
Negative Reinforcement: In operant conditioning, the removal of a stimulus after a response so that the response will be more likely to occur.
Negative transfer v- occurs when the process of solving an earlier problem makes later problems harder to solve.
Neural network - An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an information-processing paradigm that is inspired by the way biological nervous systems, such as the brain, process information. It is composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements (neurones) working in unison to solve specific problems.
Neurons: are nerve cells specialized for the transmission of information. Synapses are physical gaps between two neurons that functions as the site of information transfer from one neuron to another.
Neurogenesis: The production and growth of new nerve cells during development and, in select brain regions, throughout life.
Neuroplasticity: researchers believe that our thoughts can change the structure and function of our brains and Neuroplasticity is therefore the ability of the brain to adapt and change. “Neuro” is for the nerve cells, or neurons, and “plastic” refers to the modifiable nature of our brain and nervous system.
Neurotransmitters: Chemicals that are released from a neuron and activate another neuron. Dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin are all a part of this class.
Noesis: the Greek word “to think” or “to perceive” is ‘noesis’, meaning “purely intellectual knowledge” or “a process or act of thinking.” The adjective ‘noetic’ means “of, relating to, or based on the intellect.” Its use in philosophical and psychological theory and writing shows it to be the most abstract of the words of thought.
Non-Declarative Memory: Also called implicit or procedural memory it is a type of long-term memory that is stored and retrieved without conscious effort.
Norepinephrine: Norepinephrine affects arousal and sleep regulation, mood, and blood pressure.
Norepinephrine: A neurotransmitter produced both in the brain and in the peripheral nervous system. It is involved in learning, memory, dreaming, awakening, emotion, and responses to stress.
Norms: Data that provide information about how a one variable compares with others.
Normative Social Influence: An individual’s tendency to conform because of a need to be accepted or not rejected by a group.
- O -
Object based attention: refers to the relationship between an ‘object’ representation and a person’s visually stimulated, selective attention, as opposed to a relationship involving either a spatial or a feature representation; although these types of selective attention are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Research into object-based attention suggests that attention improves the quality of the sensory representation of a selected object, and results in the enhanced processing of that object’s features.
Occipital Lobes: One of the four parts of the cerebral cortex. The occipital lobe aids in processing visual information.
Orienting: is the directing of attention to a specific stimulus.
Orienting Attention: attention that can be controlled through external (exogenous) or internal (endogenous) processes.
Obstacle: the thing that's in your way, making your dream seem impossible. Most common obstacles: time and money.
Open Collaboration: refers to the collaboration and contribution of multiple ideators that openly share their new ideas with others.
Open Innovation: combining and using internal and external ideas together to advance the development of new technologies. external ideas are used together with the internal ones. Open innovation stresses the importance of relationships between the firm and its outside partners.
Openness: one of the Big Five personality factors, characterized at the one extreme by such traits as imagination, curiosity, and creativity, and at the other by shallowness and imperceptiveness
Optimization problem: the problem of finding the best solution from all feasible solutions
Order: position in an arrangement, disposition, or sequence.
Over concentration: (or hyperfocus) often occurs if the person finds something "very interesting and/or provide(s) instant gratification, such as computer games or online chatting. For such activities, concentration may last for hours on end, in a very focused manner.
Occipital Lobes: One of the four parts of the cerebral cortex. The occipital lobe aids in processing visual information.
Orienting: is the directing of attention to a specific stimulus.
Orienting Attention: attention that can be controlled through external (exogenous) or internal (endogenous) processes.
- Overt orienting is the act of selectively attending to an item or location over others by moving the eyes to point in that direction. Overt orienting can be directly observed in the form of eye movements. Although overt eye movements are quite common, there is a distinction that can be made between two types of eye movements; reflexive and controlled.
- Reflexive movements are commanded by the superior of the midbrain. These movements are fast and are activated by the sudden appearance of stimuli. In contrast, controlled eye movements are commanded by areas in the frontal lobe. These movements are slow and voluntary.
- Covert orienting is the act to mentally shifting one's focus without moving one's eyes. It changes attention not attributable to overt eye movements. Covert orienting has the potential to affect the output of perceptual processes by governing attention to particular items or locations but does not influence the information that is processed by the senses.
- Exogenous orienting is described as being under control of a stimulus. Exogenous orienting is considered to be reflexive and automatic and is caused by a sudden change in the periphery. This often results in a reflexive saccade.
- Exogenous cues are stimuli that are produced in the environment surrounding. Because one's attention is shifted to the stimulus without much thought or effort, these cues are seen as a form of reflex that the person has low control over. Since exogenous cues are typically presented in the periphery, they are referred to as peripheral cues. Exogenous cues are automatic and are therefore considered to fall under the "bottom-up" approach regarding attention.
- Endogenous orienting is the intentional allocation of attentional resources to a predetermined location or space. The endogenous orienting occurs when attention is oriented according to an observer's goals or desires, allowing the focus of attention to be manipulated by the demands of a task. In order to have an effect, endogenous cues must be processed by the observer and acted upon purposefully. These cues are referred to as central cues. This is because they are typically presented at the center of a display, where an observer's eyes are likely to be fixated. While exogenous cues are solely what stimuli are presented in one's surrounding environment, endogenous cues are based on the internal goals, beliefs, desires, and interpretation of the person. Endogenous cues are under the person's control and are seen as "top-down” approach regarding attention
- exogenous orienting is less affected by cognitive load than endogenous orienting
- observers are able to ignore endogenous cues but not exogenous cues
- exogenous cues have bigger effects than endogenous cues
- expectancies about cue validity and predictive value affects endogenous orienting more than exogenous orienting
Obstacle: the thing that's in your way, making your dream seem impossible. Most common obstacles: time and money.
Open Collaboration: refers to the collaboration and contribution of multiple ideators that openly share their new ideas with others.
Open Innovation: combining and using internal and external ideas together to advance the development of new technologies. external ideas are used together with the internal ones. Open innovation stresses the importance of relationships between the firm and its outside partners.
Openness: one of the Big Five personality factors, characterized at the one extreme by such traits as imagination, curiosity, and creativity, and at the other by shallowness and imperceptiveness
Optimization problem: the problem of finding the best solution from all feasible solutions
Order: position in an arrangement, disposition, or sequence.
Over concentration: (or hyperfocus) often occurs if the person finds something "very interesting and/or provide(s) instant gratification, such as computer games or online chatting. For such activities, concentration may last for hours on end, in a very focused manner.
A SERIES OF BEAUTIFUL WORDS
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DEFINING NEW IDEAS DICTIONARY
Presented by Creativity Chaos in association with Defining the Brain - A Beautiful Word - Logophile Lexicon
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Original Content Copyright, 2020 Kairos.
Series of Books and Blogs By www.bykairos.com
DEFINING NEW IDEAS DICTIONARY
Presented by Creativity Chaos in association with Defining the Brain - A Beautiful Word - Logophile Lexicon
VIEW MY BLOGS, BOOKS & BEAUTIFUL WORDS
or visit my writer’s workshop for a full index of work
About Me | My Style | Books | Blogs | Downloads
Original Content Copyright, 2020 Kairos.